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Were they really “rebels”? The Munich exhibition “Silent Rebels. Polish Symbolism around 1900”

Edward Okuń: The War and Us, 1917–1923. Oil on canvas, 88 x 111 cm, inv. no. MP 387 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie

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  • Fig. 1: The Hanging of the Sigismund Bell, 1874 - Jan Matejko: The Hanging of the Sigismund Bell at the Cathedral Tower in Kraków in 1521, 1874 Oil on board, 94 x 189 cm, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
  • Fig. 2: Stańczyk, 1862 - Jan Matejko: Stańczyk, 1862. Oil on canvas, 88 x 120 cm, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
  • Fig. 3: Without Land, 1888 - Wojciech Gerson: Without Land. Pomeranians, Driven by the Germans to the Baltic Islands, 1888. Oil on canvas, 114.8 x 207 cm, National Museum of Szczecin/Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie
  • Fig. 4: Room 2. The Art Centres Kraków and Warsaw (“Silent Rebels” exhibition) - J. Malczewski, “Painter’s Inspiration”, 1897; “Vicious Circle”, 1895/97; “Painter’s Dream”, ca. 1888; J. Matejko: “Blind Veit Stoss with his Granddaughter”, 1865; W. Gerson: “Veit Stoss on the Road to Nuremberg”
  • Fig. 5: Vicious Circle, 1895–1897 - Jacek Malczewski: Vicious Circle, 1895–1897. Oil on canvas, 174 x 240 cm, Raczyński Foundation, National Museum of Poznań/Fundacja im. Raczyńskich przy Muzeum Narodowym w Poznaniu
  • Fig. 6: Room 3. In Dialogue with European Art. (“Silent Rebels” exhibition) - A. Gierymski, “The Ludwig Bridge in Munich”, 1896/97; W. Czachórski, “Cemetery in Venice”, 1876; W. Pruszkowski, “All Souls”, 1888; J. Pankiewicz, “Cart Loaded with Hay”, 1890; L. Wyczółkowski, “Fisherman”, 1891; W. Podkowiński, “Green Landscape with a St
  • Fig. 7: Indian Summer, 1875 - Józef Chełmoński: Indian Summer, 1875. Oil on canvas, 119.5 x 156 cm, inv. no. MP 423 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
  • Fig. 8: The Ludwig Bridge in Munich, 1896/97 - Aleksander Gierymski: The Ludwig Bridge in Munich, 1896/97. Oil on canvas, 81 x 60 cm, inv. no. MP 4758 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
  • Fig. 9: Cart Loaded with Hay, 1890 - Józef Pankiewicz: Cart Loaded with Hay, 1890. Oil on canvas, 50.5 x 69.2 cm, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
  • Fig. 10: A Japanese Woman, 1908 - Józef Pankiewicz: A Japanese Woman, 1908. Oil on canvas, 200 x 94 cm, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
  • Fig. 11: Room 4. Polish Landscapes (“Silent Rebels” exhibition) - F. Ruszczyc: “Cloud”, 1902; “Winter Fairy Tale”, 1904; “Old Apple Trees”, 1900; K. Krzyżanowski: “Verkiai near Vilnius”, 1907; five landscape sketches; K. Stabrowski: “A Breath of Autumn”, ca. 1910; J. Stanisławski: five landscape studies; “Poplars Beside
  • Fig. 12: Poplars Beside the River, 1900 - Jan Stanisławski: Poplars Beside the River, 1900. Oil on canvas, 145.5 x 80.5 cm, inv. no. MNK II-b-550, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
  • Fig. 13: Cloud, 1902 - Ferdynand Ruszczyc: Cloud, 1902. Oil on canvas, 103.5 x 78 cm, National Museum of Poznań/Muzeum Narodowe w Poznaniu
  • Fig. 14: Room 5. Spring Awakening (“Silent Rebels” exhibition) - J. Malczewski: “Spring”, 1898; W. Hofman: “Spring”, 1918; “Nativity Scene”, 1918; K. Sichulski: “Spring” triptych, 1909
  • Fig. 15: Spring, 1898 - Wojciech Weiss: Spring, 1898. Oil on canvas, 96.5 x 65.5 cm, inv. no. MP 3879 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
  • Fig. 16: My Models, 1897 - Jacek Malczewski: My Models, 1897. Oil on canvas, 63 x 36 cm, inv. no. MNK II-b-159, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
  • Fig. 17: Death, 1902 - Jacek Malczewski: Death, 1902. Oil on canvas, 98 x 75 cm, inv. no. MP 373 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
  • Fig. 18: In the Dust Storm, 1893–1895 - Jacek Malczewski: In the Dust Storm, 1893–1895. Oil on canvas, 78 x 150 cm, Raczyński Foundation, National Museum of Poznań/Fundacja im. Raczyńskich przy Muzeum Narodowym w Poznaniu
  • Fig. 19: Derwid, 1902 - Jacek Malczewski: Derwid, 1902. Oil on board, 53 x 45 cm, inv. no. MNK II-b-900, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
  • Fig. 20: Peasant Coffin, 1894 - Aleksander Gierymski: Peasant Coffin, 1894. Oil on canvas, 141 x 195 cm, inv. no. MP 964 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
  • Fig. 21: Musicians in Bronowice, 1891 - Włodzimierz Tetmajer: Musicians in Bronowice. Before the Inn, 1891. Oil on canvas, 106 x 182 cm, inv. no. MP 5500 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
  • Fig. 22: Kołomyjka, 1895 - Teodor Axentowicz: Kołomyjka, 1895. Oil on canvas, 85 x 112.5 cm, inv. no. MP 359 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
  • Fig. 23: Room 7. Tradition and Religion (“Silent Rebels” exhibition) - W. Jarocki: “Hutsuls in the Carpathians”, 1910; “Helenka from Poronin”, 1913; W. Tetmajer: “Musicians in Bronowice”, 1891; T. Axentowicz: “Kołomyjka”, 1895
  • Fig. 24: Room 8. Portraits (“Silent Rebels” exhibition) - E. Okuń: “Self-Portrait in Spanish Costume”, 1911; J. Fałat: “Self-Portrait”, 1896; J. Malczewski: “On One String. Self-Portrait”, 1908; J. Malczewski: “The Story of a Song. Portrait of Adam Asnyk”, 1899; “Self-Portrait with Death”, 1902
  • Fig. 25: On One String, 1908 - Jacek Malczewski: On One String. Self-Portrait, 1908. Oil on canvas, 92 x 73 cm, inv. no. MP 1276 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
  • Fig. 26: Self-Portrait with Masks, 1900 - Wojciech Weiss: Self-Portrait with Masks, 1900. Oil on canvas, 90 x 72 cm, inv. no. MNK II-b-877, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
  • Fig. 27: Portrait of the Artist’s Wife with Pegasus, 1913 - Józef Mehoffer: Portrait of the Artist’s Wife with Pegasus, 1913. Oil on canvas, 95 x 78 cm, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
  • Fig. 28: Portrait of a Woman, 1891 - Olga Boznańska: Portrait of a Woman, 1891. Oil on canvas, 122 x 80 cm, inv. no. MP531 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
  • Fig. 29: Melancholic, 1898 - Wojciech Weiss: Melancholic (Requiem), 1898. Oil on canvas, 128 x 65.5 cm, inv. no. MNK II-b-2158, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
  • Fig. 30: Obsession, 1899/1900 - Wojciech Weiss: Obsession, 1899/1900. Oil on canvas, 101 x 186 cm, Literature Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Literatury im. Adama Mickiewicza w Warszawie, on permanent loan to the National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
  • Fig. 31: Frenzy, 1893 - Władysław Podkowiński: Frenzy, sketch, 1893. Oil on canvas, 56 x 46 cm, inv. no. MP 338 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
  • Fig. 32: Funeral March, 1894 - Władysław Podkowiński: Funeral March, 1894. Oil on canvas, 83.5 x 119.5 cm, inv. no. MNK II-b-154, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
  • Fig. 33: The Indecent Woman, 1904 - Witold Wojtkiewicz: The Indecent Woman (Fallen Woman), 1904. From the “Tragicomic Sketches” cycle, ink, gouache, coloured pencil on paper, 47.5 x 38.7 cm, inv. no. MNK III-r.a-11688, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
  • Fig. 34: Circus I, 1907 - Witold Wojtkiewicz: Circus I, 1907. Oil on canvas, 59.5 x 71.5 cm, Silesian Museum, Katowice/Muzeum Śląskie w Katowicach
  • Fig. 35: Ploughing, 1905 - Witold Wojtkiewicz: Ploughing, 1905. Oil on canvas, 57.7 x 96 cm, inv. no. MP 5157 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
  • Fig. 36: The Painter’s Inspiration, 1897 - Jacek Malczewski: The Painter’s Inspiration, 1897. Oil on canvas, 79 x 64 cm, MNK II-b-2543, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
  • Fig. 37: Room 11. Polonia (“Silent Rebels” exhibition) - J. Malczewski: “Polish Hamlet” (1903); “Pythia”, 1917; “Young Poland”, 1917; L. Wyczółkowski: “Knight Surrounded by Flowers”, 1904; J. Malczewski: “Slavery – War – Liberty” triptych, 1917
  • Fig. 38: Nec mergitur, 1904/05 - Ferdynand Ruszczyc: Nec mergitur, 1904/05. Oil on canvas, 219 x 203 cm, Lithuanian National Museum of Art/Lietuvos nacionalinis dailės muziejus, Vilnius
  • Fig. 39: Knight Surrounded by Flowers, 1904 - Leon Wyczółkowski: Knight Surrounded by Flowers, 1904. Pastel on paper, 176 x 300 cm, Société Historique et Littéraire Polonaise/Bibliothèque Polonaise de Paris
  • Fig. 40: Pythia, 1917 - Jacek Malczewski: Pythia, 1917. Oil on canvas, 210 x 110 cm, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
  • Edward Okuń: The War and Us, 1917–1923 - Oil on canvas, 88 x 111 cm, inv. no. MP 387 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 1: The Hanging of the Sigismund Bell, 1874 - Jan Matejko: The Hanging of the Sigismund Bell at the Cathedral Tower in Kraków in 1521, 1874 Oil on board, 94 x 189 cm, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 1: The Hanging of the Sigismund Bell, 1874
Fig. 1: The Hanging of the Sigismund Bell, 1874 - Jan Matejko: The Hanging of the Sigismund Bell at the Cathedral Tower in Kraków in 1521, 1874 Oil on board, 94 x 189 cm, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie © MN Cyfrowe, https://cyfrowe.mnw.art.pl/
Fig. 2: Stańczyk, 1862 - Jan Matejko: Stańczyk, 1862. Oil on canvas, 88 x 120 cm, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 2: Stańczyk, 1862
Fig. 2: Stańczyk, 1862 - Jan Matejko: Stańczyk, 1862. Oil on canvas, 88 x 120 cm, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie © MN Cyfrowe, https://cyfrowe.mnw.art.pl/
Fig. 3: Without Land, 1888 - Wojciech Gerson: Without Land. Pomeranians, Driven by the Germans to the Baltic Islands, 1888. Oil on canvas, 114.8 x 207 cm, National Museum of Szczecin/Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie
Fig. 3: Without Land, 1888
Fig. 3: Without Land, 1888 - Wojciech Gerson: Without Land. Pomeranians, Driven by the Germans to the Baltic Islands, 1888. Oil on canvas, 114.8 x 207 cm, National Museum of Szczecin/Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie © Public Domain
Fig. 4: Room 2. The Art Centres Kraków and Warsaw (“Silent Rebels” exhibition) - J. Malczewski, “Painter’s Inspiration”, 1897; “Vicious Circle”, 1895/97; “Painter’s Dream”, ca. 1888; J. Matejko: “Blind Veit Stoss with his Granddaughter”, 1865; W. Gerson: “Veit Stoss on the Road to...
Fig. 4: Room 2. The Art Centres Kraków and Warsaw (“Silent Rebels” exhibition)
Fig. 4: Room 2. The Art Centres Kraków and Warsaw (“Silent Rebels” exhibition) - J. Malczewski, “Painter’s Inspiration”, 1897; “Vicious Circle”, 1895/97; “Painter’s Dream”, ca. 1888; J. Matejko: “Blind Veit Stoss with his Granddaughter”, 1865; W. Gerson: “Veit Stoss on the Road to... © Kunsthalle München, photo: Michael Naumann
Fig. 1: The Hanging of the Sigismund Bell, 1874
Jan Matejko: The Hanging of the Sigismund Bell at the Cathedral Tower in Kraków in 1521, 1874 Oil on board, 94 x 189 cm, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 2: Stańczyk, 1862
Jan Matejko: Stańczyk, 1862. Oil on canvas, 88 x 120 cm, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 3: Without Land, 1888
Wojciech Gerson: Without Land. Pomeranians, Driven by the Germans to the Baltic Islands, 1888. Oil on canvas, 114.8 x 207 cm, National Museum of Szczecin/Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie
Fig. 4: Room 2. The Art Centres Kraków and Warsaw (“Silent Rebels” exhibition)
J. Malczewski, “Painter’s Inspiration”, 1897; “Vicious Circle”, 1895/97; “Painter’s Dream”, ca. 1888; J. Matejko: “Blind Veit Stoss with his Granddaughter”, 1865; W. Gerson: “Veit Stoss on the Road to...
Fig. 5: Vicious Circle, 1895–1897 - Jacek Malczewski: Vicious Circle, 1895–1897. Oil on canvas, 174 x 240 cm, Raczyński Foundation, National Museum of Poznań/Fundacja im. Raczyńskich przy Muzeum Narodowym w Poznaniu
Fig. 5: Vicious Circle, 1895–1897
Fig. 5: Vicious Circle, 1895–1897 - Jacek Malczewski: Vicious Circle, 1895–1897. Oil on canvas, 174 x 240 cm, Raczyński Foundation, National Museum of Poznań/Fundacja im. Raczyńskich przy Muzeum Narodowym w Poznaniu © Public Domain
Fig. 6: Room 3. In Dialogue with European Art. (“Silent Rebels” exhibition) - A. Gierymski, “The Ludwig Bridge in Munich”, 1896/97; W. Czachórski, “Cemetery in Venice”, 1876; W. Pruszkowski, “All Souls”, 1888; J. Pankiewicz, “Cart Loaded with Hay”, 1890; L. Wyczółkowski, “Fishe...
Fig. 6: Room 3. In Dialogue with European Art. (“Silent Rebels” exhibition)
Fig. 6: Room 3. In Dialogue with European Art. (“Silent Rebels” exhibition) - A. Gierymski, “The Ludwig Bridge in Munich”, 1896/97; W. Czachórski, “Cemetery in Venice”, 1876; W. Pruszkowski, “All Souls”, 1888; J. Pankiewicz, “Cart Loaded with Hay”, 1890; L. Wyczółkowski, “Fishe... © Kunsthalle München, photo: Michael Naumann
Fig. 7: Indian Summer, 1875 - Józef Chełmoński: Indian Summer, 1875. Oil on canvas, 119.5 x 156 cm, inv. no. MP 423 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 7: Indian Summer, 1875
Fig. 7: Indian Summer, 1875 - Józef Chełmoński: Indian Summer, 1875. Oil on canvas, 119.5 x 156 cm, inv. no. MP 423 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie © MN Cyfrowe, https://cyfrowe.mnw.art.pl/
Fig. 8: The Ludwig Bridge in Munich, 1896/97 - Aleksander Gierymski: The Ludwig Bridge in Munich, 1896/97. Oil on canvas, 81 x 60 cm, inv. no. MP 4758 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 8: The Ludwig Bridge in Munich, 1896/97
Fig. 8: The Ludwig Bridge in Munich, 1896/97 - Aleksander Gierymski: The Ludwig Bridge in Munich, 1896/97. Oil on canvas, 81 x 60 cm, inv. no. MP 4758 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie © MN Cyfrowe, https://cyfrowe.mnw.art.pl/
Fig. 5: Vicious Circle, 1895–1897
Jacek Malczewski: Vicious Circle, 1895–1897. Oil on canvas, 174 x 240 cm, Raczyński Foundation, National Museum of Poznań/Fundacja im. Raczyńskich przy Muzeum Narodowym w Poznaniu
Fig. 6: Room 3. In Dialogue with European Art. (“Silent Rebels” exhibition)
A. Gierymski, “The Ludwig Bridge in Munich”, 1896/97; W. Czachórski, “Cemetery in Venice”, 1876; W. Pruszkowski, “All Souls”, 1888; J. Pankiewicz, “Cart Loaded with Hay”, 1890; L. Wyczółkowski, “Fishe...
Fig. 7: Indian Summer, 1875
Józef Chełmoński: Indian Summer, 1875. Oil on canvas, 119.5 x 156 cm, inv. no. MP 423 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 8: The Ludwig Bridge in Munich, 1896/97
Aleksander Gierymski: The Ludwig Bridge in Munich, 1896/97. Oil on canvas, 81 x 60 cm, inv. no. MP 4758 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 9: Cart Loaded with Hay, 1890 - Józef Pankiewicz: Cart Loaded with Hay, 1890. Oil on canvas, 50.5 x 69.2 cm, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
Fig. 9: Cart Loaded with Hay, 1890
Fig. 9: Cart Loaded with Hay, 1890 - Józef Pankiewicz: Cart Loaded with Hay, 1890. Oil on canvas, 50.5 x 69.2 cm, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie © Public Domain
Fig. 10: A Japanese Woman, 1908 - Józef Pankiewicz: A Japanese Woman, 1908. Oil on canvas, 200 x 94 cm, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
Fig. 10: A Japanese Woman, 1908
Fig. 10: A Japanese Woman, 1908 - Józef Pankiewicz: A Japanese Woman, 1908. Oil on canvas, 200 x 94 cm, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie © Public Domain
Fig. 11: Room 4. Polish Landscapes (“Silent Rebels” exhibition) - F. Ruszczyc: “Cloud”, 1902; “Winter Fairy Tale”, 1904; “Old Apple Trees”, 1900; K. Krzyżanowski: “Verkiai near Vilnius”, 1907; five landscape sketches; K. Stabrowski: “A Breath of Autumn”, ca. 1910; J...
Fig. 11: Room 4. Polish Landscapes (“Silent Rebels” exhibition)
Fig. 11: Room 4. Polish Landscapes (“Silent Rebels” exhibition) - F. Ruszczyc: “Cloud”, 1902; “Winter Fairy Tale”, 1904; “Old Apple Trees”, 1900; K. Krzyżanowski: “Verkiai near Vilnius”, 1907; five landscape sketches; K. Stabrowski: “A Breath of Autumn”, ca. 1910; J... © Kunsthalle München, photo: Michael Naumann
Fig. 12: Poplars Beside the River, 1900 - Jan Stanisławski: Poplars Beside the River, 1900. Oil on canvas, 145.5 x 80.5 cm, inv. no. MNK II-b-550, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
Fig. 12: Poplars Beside the River, 1900
Fig. 12: Poplars Beside the River, 1900 - Jan Stanisławski: Poplars Beside the River, 1900. Oil on canvas, 145.5 x 80.5 cm, inv. no. MNK II-b-550, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie © MNK Digital Collections, https://zbiory.mnk.pl/
Fig. 9: Cart Loaded with Hay, 1890
Józef Pankiewicz: Cart Loaded with Hay, 1890. Oil on canvas, 50.5 x 69.2 cm, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
Fig. 10: A Japanese Woman, 1908
Józef Pankiewicz: A Japanese Woman, 1908. Oil on canvas, 200 x 94 cm, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
Fig. 11: Room 4. Polish Landscapes (“Silent Rebels” exhibition)
F. Ruszczyc: “Cloud”, 1902; “Winter Fairy Tale”, 1904; “Old Apple Trees”, 1900; K. Krzyżanowski: “Verkiai near Vilnius”, 1907; five landscape sketches; K. Stabrowski: “A Breath of Autumn”, ca. 1910; J...
Fig. 12: Poplars Beside the River, 1900
Jan Stanisławski: Poplars Beside the River, 1900. Oil on canvas, 145.5 x 80.5 cm, inv. no. MNK II-b-550, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
Fig. 13: Cloud, 1902 - Ferdynand Ruszczyc: Cloud, 1902. Oil on canvas, 103.5 x 78 cm, National Museum of Poznań/Muzeum Narodowe w Poznaniu
Fig. 13: Cloud, 1902
Fig. 13: Cloud, 1902 - Ferdynand Ruszczyc: Cloud, 1902. Oil on canvas, 103.5 x 78 cm, National Museum of Poznań/Muzeum Narodowe w Poznaniu © Muzeum Narodowe w Poznaniu
Fig. 14: Room 5. Spring Awakening (“Silent Rebels” exhibition) - J. Malczewski: “Spring”, 1898; W. Hofman: “Spring”, 1918; “Nativity Scene”, 1918; K. Sichulski: “Spring” triptych, 1909
Fig. 14: Room 5. Spring Awakening (“Silent Rebels” exhibition)
Fig. 14: Room 5. Spring Awakening (“Silent Rebels” exhibition) - J. Malczewski: “Spring”, 1898; W. Hofman: “Spring”, 1918; “Nativity Scene”, 1918; K. Sichulski: “Spring” triptych, 1909 © Kunsthalle München, photo: Michael Naumann
Fig. 15: Spring, 1898 - Wojciech Weiss: Spring, 1898. Oil on canvas, 96.5 x 65.5 cm, inv. no. MP 3879 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 15: Spring, 1898
Fig. 15: Spring, 1898 - Wojciech Weiss: Spring, 1898. Oil on canvas, 96.5 x 65.5 cm, inv. no. MP 3879 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie © MN Cyfrowe, https://cyfrowe.mnw.art.pl/
Fig. 16: My Models, 1897 - Jacek Malczewski: My Models, 1897. Oil on canvas, 63 x 36 cm, inv. no. MNK II-b-159, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
Fig. 16: My Models, 1897
Fig. 16: My Models, 1897 - Jacek Malczewski: My Models, 1897. Oil on canvas, 63 x 36 cm, inv. no. MNK II-b-159, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie © MNK Digital Collections, https://zbiory.mnk.pl/
Fig. 13: Cloud, 1902
Ferdynand Ruszczyc: Cloud, 1902. Oil on canvas, 103.5 x 78 cm, National Museum of Poznań/Muzeum Narodowe w Poznaniu
Fig. 14: Room 5. Spring Awakening (“Silent Rebels” exhibition)
J. Malczewski: “Spring”, 1898; W. Hofman: “Spring”, 1918; “Nativity Scene”, 1918; K. Sichulski: “Spring” triptych, 1909
Fig. 15: Spring, 1898
Wojciech Weiss: Spring, 1898. Oil on canvas, 96.5 x 65.5 cm, inv. no. MP 3879 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 16: My Models, 1897
Jacek Malczewski: My Models, 1897. Oil on canvas, 63 x 36 cm, inv. no. MNK II-b-159, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
Fig. 17: Death, 1902 - Jacek Malczewski: Death, 1902. Oil on canvas, 98 x 75 cm, inv. no. MP 373 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 17: Death, 1902
Fig. 17: Death, 1902 - Jacek Malczewski: Death, 1902. Oil on canvas, 98 x 75 cm, inv. no. MP 373 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie © MN Cyfrowe, https://cyfrowe.mnw.art.pl/
Fig. 18: In the Dust Storm, 1893–1895 - Jacek Malczewski: In the Dust Storm, 1893–1895. Oil on canvas, 78 x 150 cm, Raczyński Foundation, National Museum of Poznań/Fundacja im. Raczyńskich przy Muzeum Narodowym w Poznaniu
Fig. 18: In the Dust Storm, 1893–1895
Fig. 18: In the Dust Storm, 1893–1895 - Jacek Malczewski: In the Dust Storm, 1893–1895. Oil on canvas, 78 x 150 cm, Raczyński Foundation, National Museum of Poznań/Fundacja im. Raczyńskich przy Muzeum Narodowym w Poznaniu © Public Domain
Fig. 19: Derwid, 1902 - Jacek Malczewski: Derwid, 1902. Oil on board, 53 x 45 cm, inv. no. MNK II-b-900, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
Fig. 19: Derwid, 1902
Fig. 19: Derwid, 1902 - Jacek Malczewski: Derwid, 1902. Oil on board, 53 x 45 cm, inv. no. MNK II-b-900, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie © MNK Digital Collections, https://zbiory.mnk.pl/
Fig. 20: Peasant Coffin, 1894 - Aleksander Gierymski: Peasant Coffin, 1894. Oil on canvas, 141 x 195 cm, inv. no. MP 964 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 20: Peasant Coffin, 1894
Fig. 20: Peasant Coffin, 1894 - Aleksander Gierymski: Peasant Coffin, 1894. Oil on canvas, 141 x 195 cm, inv. no. MP 964 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie © MN Cyfrowe, https://cyfrowe.mnw.art.pl/
Fig. 17: Death, 1902
Jacek Malczewski: Death, 1902. Oil on canvas, 98 x 75 cm, inv. no. MP 373 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 18: In the Dust Storm, 1893–1895
Jacek Malczewski: In the Dust Storm, 1893–1895. Oil on canvas, 78 x 150 cm, Raczyński Foundation, National Museum of Poznań/Fundacja im. Raczyńskich przy Muzeum Narodowym w Poznaniu
Fig. 19: Derwid, 1902
Jacek Malczewski: Derwid, 1902. Oil on board, 53 x 45 cm, inv. no. MNK II-b-900, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
Fig. 20: Peasant Coffin, 1894
Aleksander Gierymski: Peasant Coffin, 1894. Oil on canvas, 141 x 195 cm, inv. no. MP 964 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 21: Musicians in Bronowice, 1891 - Włodzimierz Tetmajer: Musicians in Bronowice. Before the Inn, 1891. Oil on canvas, 106 x 182 cm, inv. no. MP 5500 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 21: Musicians in Bronowice, 1891
Fig. 21: Musicians in Bronowice, 1891 - Włodzimierz Tetmajer: Musicians in Bronowice. Before the Inn, 1891. Oil on canvas, 106 x 182 cm, inv. no. MP 5500 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie © MN Cyfrowe, https://cyfrowe.mnw.art.pl/
Fig. 22: Kołomyjka, 1895 - Teodor Axentowicz: Kołomyjka, 1895. Oil on canvas, 85 x 112.5 cm, inv. no. MP 359 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 22: Kołomyjka, 1895
Fig. 22: Kołomyjka, 1895 - Teodor Axentowicz: Kołomyjka, 1895. Oil on canvas, 85 x 112.5 cm, inv. no. MP 359 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie © MN Cyfrowe, https://cyfrowe.mnw.art.pl/
Fig. 23: Room 7. Tradition and Religion (“Silent Rebels” exhibition) - W. Jarocki: “Hutsuls in the Carpathians”, 1910; “Helenka from Poronin”, 1913; W. Tetmajer: “Musicians in Bronowice”, 1891; T. Axentowicz: “Kołomyjka”, 1895
Fig. 23: Room 7. Tradition and Religion (“Silent Rebels” exhibition)
Fig. 23: Room 7. Tradition and Religion (“Silent Rebels” exhibition) - W. Jarocki: “Hutsuls in the Carpathians”, 1910; “Helenka from Poronin”, 1913; W. Tetmajer: “Musicians in Bronowice”, 1891; T. Axentowicz: “Kołomyjka”, 1895 © Kunsthalle München, photo: Michael Naumann
Fig. 24: Room 8. Portraits (“Silent Rebels” exhibition) - E. Okuń: “Self-Portrait in Spanish Costume”, 1911; J. Fałat: “Self-Portrait”, 1896; J. Malczewski: “On One String. Self-Portrait”, 1908; J. Malczewski: “The Story of a Song. Portrait of Adam Asnyk”, 1...
Fig. 24: Room 8. Portraits (“Silent Rebels” exhibition)
Fig. 24: Room 8. Portraits (“Silent Rebels” exhibition) - E. Okuń: “Self-Portrait in Spanish Costume”, 1911; J. Fałat: “Self-Portrait”, 1896; J. Malczewski: “On One String. Self-Portrait”, 1908; J. Malczewski: “The Story of a Song. Portrait of Adam Asnyk”, 1... © Kunsthalle München, photo: Michael Naumann
Fig. 21: Musicians in Bronowice, 1891
Włodzimierz Tetmajer: Musicians in Bronowice. Before the Inn, 1891. Oil on canvas, 106 x 182 cm, inv. no. MP 5500 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 22: Kołomyjka, 1895
Teodor Axentowicz: Kołomyjka, 1895. Oil on canvas, 85 x 112.5 cm, inv. no. MP 359 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 23: Room 7. Tradition and Religion (“Silent Rebels” exhibition)
W. Jarocki: “Hutsuls in the Carpathians”, 1910; “Helenka from Poronin”, 1913; W. Tetmajer: “Musicians in Bronowice”, 1891; T. Axentowicz: “Kołomyjka”, 1895
Fig. 24: Room 8. Portraits (“Silent Rebels” exhibition)
E. Okuń: “Self-Portrait in Spanish Costume”, 1911; J. Fałat: “Self-Portrait”, 1896; J. Malczewski: “On One String. Self-Portrait”, 1908; J. Malczewski: “The Story of a Song. Portrait of Adam Asnyk”, 1...
Fig. 25: On One String, 1908 - Jacek Malczewski: On One String. Self-Portrait, 1908. Oil on canvas, 92 x 73 cm, inv. no. MP 1276 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 25: On One String, 1908
Fig. 25: On One String, 1908 - Jacek Malczewski: On One String. Self-Portrait, 1908. Oil on canvas, 92 x 73 cm, inv. no. MP 1276 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie © MN Cyfrowe, https://cyfrowe.mnw.art.pl/
Fig. 26: Self-Portrait with Masks, 1900 - Wojciech Weiss: Self-Portrait with Masks, 1900. Oil on canvas, 90 x 72 cm, inv. no. MNK II-b-877, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
Fig. 26: Self-Portrait with Masks, 1900
Fig. 26: Self-Portrait with Masks, 1900 - Wojciech Weiss: Self-Portrait with Masks, 1900. Oil on canvas, 90 x 72 cm, inv. no. MNK II-b-877, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie © MNK Digital Collections, https://zbiory.mnk.pl/
Fig. 27: Portrait of the Artist’s Wife with Pegasus, 1913 - Józef Mehoffer: Portrait of the Artist’s Wife with Pegasus, 1913. Oil on canvas, 95 x 78 cm, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
Fig. 27: Portrait of the Artist’s Wife with Pegasus, 1913
Fig. 27: Portrait of the Artist’s Wife with Pegasus, 1913 - Józef Mehoffer: Portrait of the Artist’s Wife with Pegasus, 1913. Oil on canvas, 95 x 78 cm, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie © Public Domain
Fig. 28: Portrait of a Woman, 1891 - Olga Boznańska: Portrait of a Woman, 1891. Oil on canvas, 122 x 80 cm, inv. no. MP531 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 28: Portrait of a Woman, 1891
Fig. 28: Portrait of a Woman, 1891 - Olga Boznańska: Portrait of a Woman, 1891. Oil on canvas, 122 x 80 cm, inv. no. MP531 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie © MN Cyfrowe, https://cyfrowe.mnw.art.pl/
Fig. 25: On One String, 1908
Jacek Malczewski: On One String. Self-Portrait, 1908. Oil on canvas, 92 x 73 cm, inv. no. MP 1276 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 26: Self-Portrait with Masks, 1900
Wojciech Weiss: Self-Portrait with Masks, 1900. Oil on canvas, 90 x 72 cm, inv. no. MNK II-b-877, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
Fig. 27: Portrait of the Artist’s Wife with Pegasus, 1913
Józef Mehoffer: Portrait of the Artist’s Wife with Pegasus, 1913. Oil on canvas, 95 x 78 cm, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
Fig. 28: Portrait of a Woman, 1891
Olga Boznańska: Portrait of a Woman, 1891. Oil on canvas, 122 x 80 cm, inv. no. MP531 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 29: Melancholic, 1898 - Wojciech Weiss: Melancholic (Requiem), 1898. Oil on canvas, 128 x 65.5 cm, inv. no. MNK II-b-2158, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
Fig. 29: Melancholic, 1898
Fig. 29: Melancholic, 1898 - Wojciech Weiss: Melancholic (Requiem), 1898. Oil on canvas, 128 x 65.5 cm, inv. no. MNK II-b-2158, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie © MNK Digital Collections, https://zbiory.mnk.pl/
Fig. 30: Obsession, 1899/1900 - Wojciech Weiss: Obsession, 1899/1900. Oil on canvas, 101 x 186 cm, Literature Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Literatury im. Adama Mickiewicza w Warszawie, on permanent loan to the National Museum of Warsaw/M...
Fig. 30: Obsession, 1899/1900
Fig. 30: Obsession, 1899/1900 - Wojciech Weiss: Obsession, 1899/1900. Oil on canvas, 101 x 186 cm, Literature Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Literatury im. Adama Mickiewicza w Warszawie, on permanent loan to the National Museum of Warsaw/M... © Public Domain
Fig. 31: Frenzy, 1893 - Władysław Podkowiński: Frenzy, sketch, 1893. Oil on canvas, 56 x 46 cm, inv. no. MP 338 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 31: Frenzy, 1893
Fig. 31: Frenzy, 1893 - Władysław Podkowiński: Frenzy, sketch, 1893. Oil on canvas, 56 x 46 cm, inv. no. MP 338 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie © MN Cyfrowe, https://cyfrowe.mnw.art.pl/
Fig. 32: Funeral March, 1894 - Władysław Podkowiński: Funeral March, 1894. Oil on canvas, 83.5 x 119.5 cm, inv. no. MNK II-b-154, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
Fig. 32: Funeral March, 1894
Fig. 32: Funeral March, 1894 - Władysław Podkowiński: Funeral March, 1894. Oil on canvas, 83.5 x 119.5 cm, inv. no. MNK II-b-154, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie © MNK Digital Collections, https://zbiory.mnk.pl/
Fig. 29: Melancholic, 1898
Wojciech Weiss: Melancholic (Requiem), 1898. Oil on canvas, 128 x 65.5 cm, inv. no. MNK II-b-2158, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
Fig. 30: Obsession, 1899/1900
Wojciech Weiss: Obsession, 1899/1900. Oil on canvas, 101 x 186 cm, Literature Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Literatury im. Adama Mickiewicza w Warszawie, on permanent loan to the National Museum of Warsaw/M...
Fig. 31: Frenzy, 1893
Władysław Podkowiński: Frenzy, sketch, 1893. Oil on canvas, 56 x 46 cm, inv. no. MP 338 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 32: Funeral March, 1894
Władysław Podkowiński: Funeral March, 1894. Oil on canvas, 83.5 x 119.5 cm, inv. no. MNK II-b-154, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
Fig. 33: The Indecent Woman, 1904 - Witold Wojtkiewicz: The Indecent Woman (Fallen Woman), 1904. From the “Tragicomic Sketches” cycle, ink, gouache, coloured pencil on paper, 47.5 x 38.7 cm, inv. no. MNK III-r.a-11688, National Museum o...
Fig. 33: The Indecent Woman, 1904
Fig. 33: The Indecent Woman, 1904 - Witold Wojtkiewicz: The Indecent Woman (Fallen Woman), 1904. From the “Tragicomic Sketches” cycle, ink, gouache, coloured pencil on paper, 47.5 x 38.7 cm, inv. no. MNK III-r.a-11688, National Museum o... © MNK Digital Collections, https://zbiory.mnk.pl/
Fig. 34: Circus I, 1907 - Witold Wojtkiewicz: Circus I, 1907. Oil on canvas, 59.5 x 71.5 cm, Silesian Museum, Katowice/Muzeum Śląskie w Katowicach
Fig. 34: Circus I, 1907
Fig. 34: Circus I, 1907 - Witold Wojtkiewicz: Circus I, 1907. Oil on canvas, 59.5 x 71.5 cm, Silesian Museum, Katowice/Muzeum Śląskie w Katowicach © Public Domain
Fig. 35: Ploughing, 1905 - Witold Wojtkiewicz: Ploughing, 1905. Oil on canvas, 57.7 x 96 cm, inv. no. MP 5157 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 35: Ploughing, 1905
Fig. 35: Ploughing, 1905 - Witold Wojtkiewicz: Ploughing, 1905. Oil on canvas, 57.7 x 96 cm, inv. no. MP 5157 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie © MN Cyfrowe, https://cyfrowe.mnw.art.pl/
Fig. 36: The Painter’s Inspiration, 1897 - Jacek Malczewski: The Painter’s Inspiration, 1897. Oil on canvas, 79 x 64 cm, MNK II-b-2543, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
Fig. 36: The Painter’s Inspiration, 1897
Fig. 36: The Painter’s Inspiration, 1897 - Jacek Malczewski: The Painter’s Inspiration, 1897. Oil on canvas, 79 x 64 cm, MNK II-b-2543, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie © MNK Digital Collections, https://zbiory.mnk.pl/
Fig. 33: The Indecent Woman, 1904
Witold Wojtkiewicz: The Indecent Woman (Fallen Woman), 1904. From the “Tragicomic Sketches” cycle, ink, gouache, coloured pencil on paper, 47.5 x 38.7 cm, inv. no. MNK III-r.a-11688, National Museum o...
Fig. 34: Circus I, 1907
Witold Wojtkiewicz: Circus I, 1907. Oil on canvas, 59.5 x 71.5 cm, Silesian Museum, Katowice/Muzeum Śląskie w Katowicach
Fig. 35: Ploughing, 1905
Witold Wojtkiewicz: Ploughing, 1905. Oil on canvas, 57.7 x 96 cm, inv. no. MP 5157 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Fig. 36: The Painter’s Inspiration, 1897
Jacek Malczewski: The Painter’s Inspiration, 1897. Oil on canvas, 79 x 64 cm, MNK II-b-2543, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
Fig. 37: Room 11. Polonia (“Silent Rebels” exhibition) - J. Malczewski: “Polish Hamlet” (1903); “Pythia”, 1917; “Young Poland”, 1917; L. Wyczółkowski: “Knight Surrounded by Flowers”, 1904; J. Malczewski: “Slavery – War – Liberty” triptych, 1917
Fig. 37: Room 11. Polonia (“Silent Rebels” exhibition)
Fig. 37: Room 11. Polonia (“Silent Rebels” exhibition) - J. Malczewski: “Polish Hamlet” (1903); “Pythia”, 1917; “Young Poland”, 1917; L. Wyczółkowski: “Knight Surrounded by Flowers”, 1904; J. Malczewski: “Slavery – War – Liberty” triptych, 1917 © Kunsthalle München, photo: Michael Naumann
Fig. 38: Nec mergitur, 1904/05 - Ferdynand Ruszczyc: Nec mergitur, 1904/05. Oil on canvas, 219 x 203 cm, Lithuanian National Museum of Art/Lietuvos nacionalinis dailės muziejus, Vilnius
Fig. 38: Nec mergitur, 1904/05
Fig. 38: Nec mergitur, 1904/05 - Ferdynand Ruszczyc: Nec mergitur, 1904/05. Oil on canvas, 219 x 203 cm, Lithuanian National Museum of Art/Lietuvos nacionalinis dailės muziejus, Vilnius © Public Domain
Fig. 39: Knight Surrounded by Flowers, 1904 - Leon Wyczółkowski: Knight Surrounded by Flowers, 1904. Pastel on paper, 176 x 300 cm, Société Historique et Littéraire Polonaise/Bibliothèque Polonaise de Paris
Fig. 39: Knight Surrounded by Flowers, 1904
Fig. 39: Knight Surrounded by Flowers, 1904 - Leon Wyczółkowski: Knight Surrounded by Flowers, 1904. Pastel on paper, 176 x 300 cm, Société Historique et Littéraire Polonaise/Bibliothèque Polonaise de Paris © Public Domain
Fig. 40: Pythia, 1917 - Jacek Malczewski: Pythia, 1917. Oil on canvas, 210 x 110 cm, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
Fig. 40: Pythia, 1917
Fig. 40: Pythia, 1917 - Jacek Malczewski: Pythia, 1917. Oil on canvas, 210 x 110 cm, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie © Public Domain
Fig. 37: Room 11. Polonia (“Silent Rebels” exhibition)
J. Malczewski: “Polish Hamlet” (1903); “Pythia”, 1917; “Young Poland”, 1917; L. Wyczółkowski: “Knight Surrounded by Flowers”, 1904; J. Malczewski: “Slavery – War – Liberty” triptych, 1917
Fig. 38: Nec mergitur, 1904/05
Ferdynand Ruszczyc: Nec mergitur, 1904/05. Oil on canvas, 219 x 203 cm, Lithuanian National Museum of Art/Lietuvos nacionalinis dailės muziejus, Vilnius
Fig. 39: Knight Surrounded by Flowers, 1904
Leon Wyczółkowski: Knight Surrounded by Flowers, 1904. Pastel on paper, 176 x 300 cm, Société Historique et Littéraire Polonaise/Bibliothèque Polonaise de Paris
Fig. 40: Pythia, 1917
Jacek Malczewski: Pythia, 1917. Oil on canvas, 210 x 110 cm, National Museum of Kraków/Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie
Edward Okuń: The War and Us, 1917–1923 - Oil on canvas, 88 x 111 cm, inv. no. MP 387 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Edward Okuń: The War and Us, 1917–1923
Edward Okuń: The War and Us, 1917–1923 - Oil on canvas, 88 x 111 cm, inv. no. MP 387 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie © MN Cyfrowe, https://cyfrowe.mnw.art.pl/
Edward Okuń: The War and Us, 1917–1923
Oil on canvas, 88 x 111 cm, inv. no. MP 387 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
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Edward Okuń: The War and Us, 1917–1923. Oil on canvas, 88 x 111 cm, inv. no. MP 387 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie
Edward Okuń: The War and Us, 1917–1923. Oil on canvas, 88 x 111 cm, inv. no. MP 387 MNW, National Museum of Warsaw/Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie

As the end of the First World War approached, and as internal battles were fought for the restoration of the Polish nation, the (apparent) depictions of “Polonia” increased in number. Malczewski shows female allegories of “Slavery”, “War” and “Liberty” in a clear and direct sequence in a triptych (1917, Fig. 37

right). In “Pythia” (1917, Fig. 40
Stille Rebellen 40
), Godetzky writes that the auguring priestess of the Delphic oracle slips “as it were into the role of Polonia”.[82] In “The War and Us” (1917–1923, title image
Stille Rebellen Titelbild
), which he began in Italy and completed in Poland long after the country had gained independence, Okuń shows himself and his wife walking through the final years of the war, accompanied by an old, white-haired woman who personifies hunger, disease and death, with snakes and butterflies in the background as symbols of the enemy threat and joyous hope. 

Even after a thorough examination of the exhibition and catalogue, no evidence of “rebels” was found. Furthermore, the over-simplified titles of the individual chapters in the exhibition catalogue tend to misrepresent the core of the problem. The term “Young Poland” also remains a mystery until the end, presumably in the hope that through more frequent use, its meaning will become clearer among the general public and readership. This aside, with its large number of artworks, the exhibition expands and supplements our understanding of European Symbolism in an astonishing way, and places artists centre stage who are largely unknown in Germany. Knowledgeable visitors to the exhibition will encounter numerous “old acquaintances”, whose works have been shown elsewhere in Europe in recent years.[83] Nearly all the works can be viewed online in the digital collections of the Polish national museums or websites in the public domain.

 

Axel Feuß, July 2022

 

Exhibition catalogue: Stille Rebellen. Polnischer Symbolismus um 1900, edited by Roger Diederen, Albert Godetzky and Nerina Santorius. With contributions by Agnieszka Bagińska, Albert Godetzky, Michał Haake, Urszula Kozakowska-Zaucha, Agnieszka Rosales Rodríguez, Nerina Santorius and Agnieszka Skalska, exhibition catalogue, Kunsthalle München, Munich: Hirmer Verlag, 2022, 300 pages.

All links in the notes were last accessed in July 2022.

 

[82] Godetzky 2022 (see note 77), page 266

[83] See, for example, the exhibition Pologne 18401918. Peindre l’âme d’une nation in the Musée Louvre-Lens in Lens, 25/9/2019–25/1/2020, https://www.louvrelens.fr/exhibition/pologne/?tab=exposition#onglet, image selection at france3 hautes-de-france, https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/hauts-de-france/louvre-lens-10-tableaux-decouvrir-nouvelle-expo-pologne-peindre-ame-nation-1727395.html, educational concept: https://education.louvrelens.fr/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/09/Dossier-pedagogique-Pologne_optimise.pdf